Research/Report

The Intersection of Reading and Speaking Difficulties: Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Supporting Adult Literacy Learners Who Stutter

Winter 2026

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General Adult Education Field

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Author(s): Ai Leen Choo, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Georgia State University; Daphne Greenberg, Department of Learning Sciences, Georgia State University; Amani Talwar, American Institutes for Research; and Hongli Li, Department of Educational Policy Studies, Georgia State University

Adult literacy learners vary widely in their demographic characteristics and academic skill levels. However, much less is known about their speech skills. This article focuses on an understudied group among adult literacy learners: those with speech difficulties, specifically stuttering. It begins by describing general background information on stuttering, then briefly presents findings related to prevalence and reading skills in a study that explored adult literacy learners and stuttering. This article also provides recommendations for working with learners who stutter. These recommendations emphasize the importance of screening for both reading and speaking difficulties and adopting a holistic approach to better accommodate the complex needs of this overlooked population.

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